Key findings:

The study in Himachal Pradesh assessed Conjunctivitis awareness among 400 adults, finding that 68.25% correctly identified it as Pink Eye. While strengths existed in recognizing symptoms and preventive practices, gaps were found in differentiating Conjunctivitis types and understanding age susceptibility. This highlights the need for targeted educational campaigns to enhance eye health awareness in the region.

What is known and what is new?

The study in Himachal Pradesh reaffirmed existing knowledge about Conjunctivitis, with 68.25% correctly identifying it as Pink Eye. However, it also uncovered new insights, revealing gaps in knowledge regarding the types of Conjunctivitis, differentiation between viral and bacterial forms, and age susceptibility. Additionally, while awareness of symptoms, preventive practices, and treatment options was notable, there were areas, such as understanding over-the-counter and home remedies, where knowledge was lacking.

What is the implication, and what should change now?

The study's implications suggest a need for immediate action to improve Conjunctivitis awareness in Himachal Pradesh. Targeted educational campaigns should focus on differentiating between Conjunctivitis types, understanding age susceptibility, and increasing knowledge of over-the-counter and home remedies. Healthcare providers and policymakers should prioritize these initiatives to enhance overall eye health awareness and promote effective prevention and management of Conjunctivitis in the region.

Eye health is a critical component of overall well-being, and conjunctivitis, commonly known as Pink Eye, represents a prevalent eye condition that can significantly affect individuals' quality of life. Conjunctivitis is characterized by inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin, transparent layer covering the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids. It can be caused by various factors, including viruses, bacteria, allergens, and irritants, making it essential to understand the condition thoroughly for effective prevention and management.[1-5]

Conjunctivitis is a contagious condition and can spread easily through contact with infected individuals, contaminated objects, or even self-inoculation from one eye to the other. The three primary types of conjunctivitis are viral, bacterial, and allergic, each with distinct causes, symptoms, and treatments. Given its infectious nature, knowledge about conjunctivitis is crucial for early recognition, appropriate management, and effective prevention measures to curb its transmission. [6-10]

Himachal Pradesh, a picturesque state in northern India, is renowned for its natural beauty and cultural diversity. However, like any other region, its residents are not immune to common health issues such as conjunctivitis. The level of awareness and knowledge about conjunctivitis among the general population of Himachal Pradesh is an essential aspect of public health. Understanding the existing awareness levels can aid in designing targeted interventions, awareness campaigns, and educational initiatives to minimize the burden of conjunctivitis in the region.

The significance of assessing awareness and knowledge about conjunctivitis among the general public of Himachal Pradesh is threefold. Firstly, it empowers individuals to recognize the symptoms and causes of conjunctivitis, enabling early diagnosis and appropriate self-care or medical treatment. Secondly, it helps reduce the risk of transmission through improved hygiene practices and awareness of preventive measures. Lastly, it allows public health authorities to tailor their efforts in raising awareness, especially regarding the contagious nature of the condition and the importance of seeking medical advice when needed.

While conjunctivitis is a common eye condition worldwide, the knowledge and awareness of its types, symptoms, and prevention methods may vary among different populations. Therefore, conducting a study to assess the awareness and knowledge levels specific to Himachal Pradesh is vital to address region-specific challenges and develop effective strategies for conjunctivitis prevention and management.

In the backdrop of these considerations, this study aims to gauge the levels of awareness and knowledge about conjunctivitis, including its types (viral, bacterial, and allergic), symptoms, and preventive measures among the general population of Himachal Pradesh. By shedding light on the existing awareness gaps and strengths, this research can contribute to the formulation of targeted eye health policies and initiatives, ultimately enhancing the overall eye health of the region.

Objectives Of The Study:

The objective of this study is to gauge the levels of awareness and knowledge about Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye), its types (viral, bacterial, allergic), symptoms, and preventive measures among the general population of Himachal Pradesh

• Research Approach -Descriptive

• Research Design- Cross-sectional survey design

• Study area:   State of Himachal Pradesh

• Study duration- between May 2023 to July 2023

• Study population: The study's target population encompassed all adults aged 18 and above who had been residents of  Himachal Pradesh for a minimum of 12 months

• Sample size- A robust sample size of 400 adults was determined using a 95% confidence level, an estimated knowledge level of 50% regarding Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye), a precise 5% absolute error margin, and a conservative 5% non-response rate. 

• Study tool: A google form questionnaire consisting of questions regarding socio-demography and knowledge regarding Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye) was created. The questionnaire was initially pre-tested on a small number of participants to identify any difficulty in understanding by the respondents. 

• Description of Tool- 

1. Demographic data survey instrument: The demographic form elicited information on participants’ background: age, marital status, religion, employment, education and many more.

2. Questionnaire: The questionnaire contains 20 structured knowledge related questions regarding Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)   . One mark was given for each correct answer and zero for incorrect answer. The maximum score was 20 and minimum score was zero. Scoring was done on the basis of marks as >80%(16-20)=very good,60-79%(12-15) =Good,41-59% ( 8-11)=Fair,<40% (< 8)=poor

• Validity of tool - by the experts in this field

• Data collection- Data was collected under the guidance of supervisors. The google form questionnaire was circulated among the residents of Himachal Pradesh for responses using online modes like e-mail and social media platforms like Whatsapp groups, Facebook, Instagram and Linkedin till the 400 responses were collected. 

• Data analysis- Data was collected and entered in Microsoft excel spread sheet, cleaned for errors and analyzed with Epi Info V7 Software with appropriate statistical test in terms of frequencies and percentage. 

Ethical Considerations- Participants confidentiality and anonymity was maintained. 

The primary objective of this study was to gauge the understanding of Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye) among the general population of Himachal Pradesh. A total of 400 participants took part in the study, with 253 (63.25%) residing in urban areas and 147 (36.75%) in rural areas. Table: 1

Table-1: Knowledge regarding Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye) among study participants

Table-2: Knowledge scores towards Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye) among study participants

In the present study 29.25% (117) participants had very good knowledge (16-20 marks) towards Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)  , 32.25% (129) had good knowledge (12-15 marks), 23.5% (94) had fair knowledge  (8-11 marks) and 15% (60) having poor knowledge  (<8 marks). Table: 2

Conjunctivitis, commonly known as Pink Eye, is a prevalent eye condition with significant implications for public health. This discussion delves into the findings of this study, assessing the levels of awareness and knowledge about Conjunctivitis among the general population of Himachal Pradesh, and contextualizes them with reference to relevant literature.

The majority of respondents (68.25%) demonstrated a sound understanding of Conjunctivitis, recognizing it as Pink Eye. This foundational knowledge is crucial as it allows individuals to identify common eye issues correctly. Approximately a quarter of the participants (24.25%) could name the different types of Conjunctivitis. While this figure reflects some awareness, there is room for improvement in recognizing viral, bacterial, and allergic Conjunctivitis, each of which presents unique challenges and management approaches. A notable proportion (21.5%) could differentiate between viral and bacterial Conjunctivitis. This knowledge is important as it informs appropriate treatment decisions and the need for isolation in the case of viral Conjunctivitis.

A significant number of respondents (58%) correctly identified that there are specific symptoms associated with viral, bacterial, and allergic Conjunctivitis. This awareness is vital for early recognition and effective management. Nearly half of the participants (46.25%) could list common signs of Conjunctivitis, which can include redness, itching, discharge, and tearing. Recognizing these signs aids in early diagnosis and seeking appropriate care. A majority (57%) correctly understood how Conjunctivitis is typically transmitted from person to person. This knowledge is essential to prevent the spread of the condition, especially in community settings.

A substantial number (56.5%) were aware of best practices for preventing the spread of contagious Conjunctivitis. This includes maintaining good hygiene, avoiding eye rubbing, and refraining from sharing personal items like towels. A significant portion (40%) recognized that specific medications or treatments may be required for viral, bacterial, or allergic Conjunctivitis. This understanding can influence the decision to seek medical advice. A considerable percentage (58.75%) knew that Conjunctivitis can occur in only one eye or both eyes. This awareness helps individuals differentiate Conjunctivitis from other eye conditions. Nearly half (49.25%) understood the importance of seeking medical attention for Conjunctivitis rather than relying solely on self-resolution. Timely medical evaluation is essential to confirm the diagnosis and receive appropriate treatment.

Almost half (49.75%) recognized that there are over-the-counter remedies available to alleviate Conjunctivitis symptoms. This knowledge can guide individuals in self-management. A significant percentage (42%) was aware that eye drops can help relieve the discomfort caused by Conjunctivitis. This understanding is essential for symptomatic relief. Nearly half (49%) correctly identified the duration of contagiousness associated with Conjunctivitis. This knowledge can inform individuals about the necessary precautions to prevent transmission. A notable proportion (35.75%) could differentiate between Conjunctivitis and other eye conditions, such as dry eye syndrome. This ability is crucial for accurate self-assessment. A significant number (46.25%) were aware of measures that individuals can take to prevent triggers for allergic Conjunctivitis. This awareness empowers individuals to minimize exposure to allergens.

A considerable percentage (29.75%) recognized that certain age groups might be more susceptible to Conjunctivitis. This awareness is valuable for targeting preventive efforts, especially among vulnerable populations. A substantial portion (38.5%) understood that Conjunctivitis can lead to more severe eye complications if left untreated. This knowledge underscores the importance of seeking timely medical care. Over half of the participants (53.5%) were aware of home remedies that can provide relief from Conjunctivitis symptoms. This information can be particularly useful for individuals seeking additional comfort measures. An overwhelming majority (67.75%) recognized the importance of raising awareness about Conjunctivitis in their community. This acknowledgment can promote community engagement in eye health initiatives. A significant number (32%) were aware of local resources or healthcare facilities that provide information about Conjunctivitis. This awareness can facilitate access to accurate and timely information.

Comparing these findings with studies conducted in other regions, it is evident that the levels of awareness and knowledge about Conjunctivitis vary among different populations. [11-14] This study reflects a reasonable level of awareness, especially regarding recognizing symptoms, transmission, preventive practices, and the importance of medical attention. However, there are specific areas, such as differentiating Conjunctivitis types and understanding age susceptibility, where further education and awareness campaigns may be beneficial.

In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the levels of awareness and knowledge about Conjunctivitis among the general population of Himachal Pradesh. While there are areas of strength, such as recognizing symptoms and preventive practices, there are also opportunities for improvement, particularly in differentiating Conjunctivitis types and understanding age susceptibility. These findings can inform the development of targeted eye health awareness campaigns and educational programs, ultimately contributing to better eye health outcomes in the region.

Funding: No funding sources 

Conflict of interest: None declared

Ethical approval: The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of IGMC-Shimla

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