Discarded laying hens are chickens that have experienced a decline in egg production, the use of rejected laying hens can be used as an ingredient in making nuggets. Making nuggets requires adding flour, one of which is jackfruit seed flour. This research aims to determine the effect of adding jackfruit seed flour on cooking loss, tenderness, water holding capacity and organoleptic quality. This research was conducted using an experimental method using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments (T1 = 2.5%, T2 = 5%, T3 = 7.5%, and T4 = 10%) adding jackfruit seed flour with repetition. 5 times. Data were processed using the ANOVA test of variance and Duncan's advanced test, while the organoleptic test used Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney's advanced test. The results show that the use of jackfruit seed flour has no real effect on tenderness and water holding capacity, while it can have a real effect on cooking loss and organoleptic quality of taste with the best use of 10% jackfruit seed flour.

Chicken skin can be processed optimally into high economic value products such as gelatin because of the collagen content in it. The collagen molecule structure can be hydrolyzed using hydrochloric acid. This study was conducted to determine the effect of variations in the concentration of hydrochloric acid on chicken skin gelatin on pH, viscosity, and gel strength. The material used was Cobb strain chicken skin, hydrochloric acid, aquades. The study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments of hydrochloric acid concentrations (2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, and 6%) and four repetitions. The data obtained were analyzed using a variance test and to find out the differences between treatments the Duncan Multiple Range Test was performed. Then, to find out the relationship pattern, it was analyzed using Orthogonal Polynomial. The results showed that the use of hydrochloric acid concentration had no significant effect (P> 0.05) on pH, viscosity, and gel strength. The optimum gelatin quality in the treatment of 2% hydrochloric acid concentration (pH 4,13; viscosity 1,403; and gel strength 11,795 g Bloom). The relationship between treatment and response to pH follows the linear regression equation Y = 0.2223x + 3,719, the strength of the gel follows the linear regression equation Y= -0,2479x + 3.8807.

Because corn silk extract includes antibacterial components, it can be used as a natural disinfectant. The purpose of this study is to identify the concentration of corn silk extract that has the greatest impact on reducing the number of colonies and the bacterial inhibitory power in the milk storage room. Corn silk extract is a natural disinfectant. The research was carried out between April and June 2022 at the Tandangsari Multi-Business Cooperative and the Padjadjaran University Microbiology and Waste Handling Laboratory in Tanjungsari. This investigation was carried out experimentally using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments: P0 (0 percent), P1 (50 percent), P2 (70 percent), and P3 (90 percent), with 5 replications for each. Bacterial inhibition and a decline in bacterial population were the variables seen. The findings of this study indicate that maize silk extract naturally lowers colony counts and inhibits bacterial activity. With an average percentage of 70.77 percent on the floor, 77.97 percent on the table, and 19.53 mm for gram-positive bacteria and 8.43 mm for gram-negative bacteria, a concentration of 70 percent is the concentration that significantly reduces the number of colonies and inhibits bacterial growth.

Traditional markets and supermarkets offer chicken meat at set hours, open tables, and room temperature. However, in supermarkets, the tables are equipped with coolers like ice cubes, low temperatures, and longer serving times. This has the potential for bacterial contamination. This research aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of chicken meat sold in traditional markets and supermarkets based on the total number of bacteria, Coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus, and the pH value of the chicken meat. The survey method is used, and the data is analyzed descriptively. Surveys were conducted on chicken meat sold in traditional markets and supermarkets regarding the total number of bacteria, Coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus, and the pH in the chicken carcass. The total number of bacteria in chicken meat in traditional markets for all traders is between 1.2 x 105 – 1.4 x 108 cfu/g, while that sold in supermarkets (12 × 106 cfu/g), all exceed the BMC based on SNI 7388:2009, while coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus were only found in trader B (4 × 106 cfu/g and 3 × 102 cfu/g), trader D (2 × 102 cfu/g and 2 × 102 cfu/g) and trader F 1 × 104 cfu/g and 2 × 102 cfu/g), the pH value of chicken meat sold in traditional markets and supermarkets is 5.64 - 6.30.

Castor plant agriculture, originating from tropical areas in Africa, has gained attention due to its versatility and economic potential. Ricinus communis, a perennial flowering plant, is primarily grown for its seeds, which are essential components of castor oil. The plant’s adaptability to various soils and climates and its numerous uses in industry, medicine, and cosmetics make it a valuable resource. This article covers the basics of growing castor trees, including optimal development conditions, propagation techniques, and factors affecting successful cultivation.

Agricultural land in urban areas is increasingly narrow as a result of building and infrastructure development, causing conventional crop cultivation to change to the concept of urban farming. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is one of the commodities suitable for urban farming because basically lettuce is a leaf vegetable plant that has high economic value and has good benefits. Lettuce growth is influenced by several factors including planting media, length of irradiation, type of light, humidity, and aeration. Based on this, research related to the length of irradiation and planting media is important to do. This research is expected to provide information in determining the length of irradiation and the right planting media to increase the growth and yield of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) through urban farming methods. This research took place at Wonorejo Seedling Farm, Surabaya, East Java. This research was conducted in a closed room with simulated porch light. Research results for 45 days after planting showed that there was no interaction between the addition of irradiation duration and planting media on all observation variables except root length. Plants that received additional LED light did not show a real effect but were better than plants that did not receive additional length of LED light irradiation.

The important role of cayenne pepper as a type of vegetable in Indonesian agricultural commodities, with significant economic value and high demand . The consumption of cayenne pepper is increasing from year to year, but the supply is scarce or erratic, which is one of the causes that causes the price of cayenne pepper to fluctuate on the market. One of the alternative efforts to increase the production of cayenne pepper is through the use of agricultural cultivation engineering that combines the age of transplanting with the provision of ZPT. This research was conducted with the aim of identifying the optimal time for transplanting cayenne pepper ( Capsicum frustescens L.) and the optimal concentration of GA3 in influencing the growth and yield of these plants so as to increase the productivity of cayenne pepper. This research was carried out in August-December 2022 in Bogi Village, Sukodono District, Sidoarjo. This study used a randomized block design (RBD) with two factors, namely the age of transplanting and the concentration of GA3 with 9 treatment combinations repeated 3 times. The first factor is the age of transplanting, while the second factor is the GA3 concentration. The results showed that there was an interaction between transplanting age and GA3 concentration vegetative and generative research variables . Age move planting 21 HSS and GA3 concentration of 200 ppm get results best on variables study tall plants , quantity leaves , quantity interest , amount total fruit per plant , and weight total fruit per plant.

Soybean is the main food crop after rice and corn, has high quality, balanced and complete protein. The increase in demand for soybeans in Indonesia in 2021 will reach 2.9 million tons/year, but domestic soybean production is only able to meet 40%, which means that 60% of market demand cant be met by producers. Soybean production can be affected by a number of things, one of them is the presence of the armyworm Spodoptera litura whose damage can cause crop failure if no prevention is given, the application of plant-based pesticides is an alternative natural control currently under development, especially from vegetable extracts. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of plant extracts against S. litura. This study used papaya leaf extract, garlic, and a combination (papaya leaf extract + garlic) and the 2nd instar of S. litura. The results obtained were 20% papaya leaf extract showed the best mortality while probit analysis LC50 showed 16.90% papaya leaf extract, 20% garlic extract, and 18.60% combination.

The study analyses the variations of rainfall across 37 climate research unit (CRU) stations of Nigeria from 1901 to 2021, using descriptive research design. The study employed monthly rainfall using the 5o x 5o latitude and longitude grid points sampling techniques. Data collected were statistically analysed with descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that mean general rainfall in Nigeria is 1488.6mm, with wettest year of 1792.7mm in 1957. The spatial distribution of rainfall showed that Cross River station recorded the highest mean rainfall of 2679.5mm, followed by Akwa Ibom (2624.1mm), and 631.3mm being the lowest recorded mean rainfall observed in Borno station. Linear regression results established that latitude statistically predicted rainfall in Nigeria at F (3, 33) = 3.41, P = 0.05; while latitude, longitude, and altitude accounted for 16.7% of the factors affecting rainfall variability in Nigeria. The regression equation was: predicted rainfall = 2482.6 + -123.5 + 6.305 + -.0510x (latitude, longitude and altitude). Results of ANOVA test showed that significant difference exists amongst the means rainfall in all Nigerian States at F (36, 4440) = 1.419334, P = 0.000). Post hoc test using Dunnett showed that the mean differences are in Cross River, Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Rivers, Delta, Abia, Owerri, Ebonyi, Edo, Enugu, Anambra, Lagos, Benue, Ondo, Oyo, Ekiti, Osun, Ogun, Plateau, Kogi, Abuja, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger, Kaduna, Taraba, Zamfara, Bauchi, Adamawa, Gombe, Kebbi, Kano, and Yobe, Jigawa. The distribution of rainfall varied spatially across the different CRU stations in Nigeria.

Siomak (Lactuca sativa L.) has a characteristic fragrant aroma like pandan and has a crunchy texture when eaten raw. Lack of plant nutrition is a limiting factor in increasing crop production. Lamtoro leaf liquid organic fertilizer is an alternative that can be used to reduce inorganic use. Lamtoro leaves are used as an alternative staple because they contain high nitrogen which is good for plant vegetative development. The purpose of this research is to determine the response of the siomak plant (Lactuca sativa L.) to various doses and frequencies of lamtoro leaf liquid organic fertilizer. The method used in this study was a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD), which consisted of 2 factors and was repeated 3 times. The first factor was the dose of lamtoro leaf liquid organic fertilizer which consisted of 4 treatment levels, namely D0: 1.3 g/urea plant, D1: 50 ml/Lamtoro leaf POC plant, D2: 75 ml/Lamtoro leaf POC plant, D3: 100 ml/plant POC Lamtoro leaves. The second factor is the frequency of giving lamtoro leaf liquid organic fertilizer which consists of 3 treatment levels, namely F1: 4 times, F2 : 5 times, F3 : 6 times. Process the data using analysis of variance based on RAL followed by 5% BNJ Test. The combination treatment of liquid organic fertilizer (POC) doses of 100 ml of lamtoro leaves/plants with a frequency of 6 times is the most efficient application of lamtoro leaf organic fertilizer because it gives good results on siomak plants.

Increasing the production of grapes can be done through the multiplication of stem cuttings supported by planting media and the right concentration of Rootone-F so as to produce good vine roots. This study aims to determine the appropriate planting media and concentration of Rootone-F for the root growth of grape cuttings. The research was conducted from August to October 2022 in Beciro Village, Sidoarjo, East Java. The experiment used a factorial complete randomized design (CRD) with 3 replications with 2 factors. The first factor is the variety of planting media (M) which consists of 3 levels, namely M1 (soil and husk 1:1); M2 (soil, husk, and chicken manure 1:1:1); M3 (soil, sand and chicken manure 1:1:1). The second factor is the concentration of Rootone-F (R) which consists of 4 levels, namely R1 (200 ppm); R2 (300 ppm); R3 (400 ppm); R4 (500 ppm). The results showed that the single treatment of soil and husk planting media 1:1 (M1) had a significant effect and gave better results on the parameters of root number of roots,root length, and root wet weight. The single treatment of 300 ppm Rootone-F concentration (R2) also gave better results on the parameters of number of root and root length, yet it does not give any significant effect. In addition, there was no significant interaction between the combination of different types of planting media and the concentration of Rootone-F on the parameters that were also tested.

When the Covid 19 pandemic occurred in 2020 health became one of the important things for all mankind, researchers from various parts of the world reported that moringa leaves have antiviral potential which has been proven in vitro tests that moringa leaves are more effective against influenza viruses so that moringa leaves become known again by the people of Indonesia and abroad as an alternative to herbal medicines and herbs. This study is devoted to consumers of moringa leaf processed products. The purpose of this study was to analyze the reasons consumers buy and consume moringa leaf processed products which include sociological, economic, philosophical, and medical. The type of research used is qualitative phenomenology-based descriptive, which aims to obtain a comprehensive picture and understanding based on the results of individual experiences on the phenomena that occur. The Data were obtained using Accidental Sampling technique by determining the respondents by chance. Criteria respondents are customers who have purchased and have consumed moringa leaf processed products. The number of respondents in this study is 30 people from consumers of processed moringa leaf products. Data from this study were obtained through observation, interviews, and questionnaires. The Data was processed using Miles and Huberman analysis. The results of this study showed that the better a person realizes the importance of maintaining health and maintaining the condition of the body to stay fit, the higher the person's interest in buying and consuming moringa leaf processed products.

Wheat crop consider one of the most important strategic cereal crops in Iraq and world. Fertilizers have plays a pivotal role in improving the wheat growth and grain production in Iraq, particularly after adopting of high yielding and fertilizers responsive wheat cultivars in Iraqi agriculture during the last years, so for increase wheat production in Iraq it is necessary using of new fertilizer material and new technique such as nano fertilizer application which plays an important role in improve agricultural production. The objective of this literature review was to investigation the importance effects of nono NPK fertilizer application in improving wheat growth and productivity; therefore the present study reviewed various studies about usage of nono NPK fertilizer to improve wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and productivity under different environments compared to usage of conventional NPK fertilizer.

This study was conducted at the Agricultural Experiments and Research Station belonging to the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering/College of Agriculture/University of Kirkuk, located in Al-Sayada area in Kirkuk Governorate, during the season (2015-2016). In order to study the effect of spraying with humic acid at concentrations of (0, 3, 6) gm.l-1 and nitrogen at concentrations of (0, 3, 6) gm.l-1 on some quantitative and qualitative yield characteristics of the fruits of chickpeas (Fragaria X ananassa Duch.), where the plants were sprayed with humic acid and nitrogen until completely wet using 0.01% of liquid soap as a dispersant, and the experiment was carried out according to a randomized complete block design with three workers, three sectors, The obtained results can be summarized as follows: the use of humic acid at a concentration of 6 g/L gave the best results in (the number of fruits, the weight of the fruit, the size of the fruit, the percentage of total soluble solids and vitamin C) and the use of 6 g/L of nitrogen N gave the best results in all the studied traits and the interaction between these concentrations also gave the best results.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) variety tymoti is a hybrid tomato that is well adapted to the lowlands. Tomato productivity is still low when compared to the optimal productivity that can be achieved. The need for effort to add nutrient through the application of Nasa liquid organic fertilizer. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of concentration of Nasa liquid organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of tomato plant of tymoti variety and to determine the most effective concentration. The research was conducted in a green house in Brejel Lor Village, Dawarblandong Districk, Mojokerto Regency, East Java in January 2023-April 2023. This research is a single factor experiment arranged using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD).This study is a single factor experiment arranged using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Nasa liquid organic fertilizer concentration treatment with 6 treatment levels repeated 4 times. The single factor used consisted of 6 levels, without Nasa liquid organic fertilizer (control) (P0), 1 ml/liter (P1), 2 ml/liter (P2), 3 ml/liter (P3), 4 ml/liter (P4), 5 ml/liter (P5). The Result showed that the threatment of Nasa liquid organic fertilizer concentration had a significant effect on the parameters of, age of flower appearance, fruitset percentage, total flower number, total fruit number, total fruit weight and analyzing of sugar content. The most optimal concentration was in the threatment of 3 ml/liter (P3)

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) variety tymoti is a hybrid tomato that is well adapted to the lowlands. Tomato productivity is still low when compared to the optimal productivity that can be achieved. The need for effort to add nutrient through the application of Nasa liquid organic fertilizer. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of concentration of Nasa liquid organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of tomato plant of tymoti variety and to determine the most effective concentration. The research was conducted in a green house in Brejel Lor Village, Dawarblandong Districk, Mojokerto Regency, East Java in January 2023-April 2023. This research is a single factor experiment arranged using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD).This study is a single factor experiment arranged using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Nasa liquid organic fertilizer concentration treatment with 6 treatment levels repeated 4 times. The single factor used consisted of 6 levels, without Nasa liquid organic fertilizer (control) (P0), 1 ml/liter (P1), 2 ml/liter (P2), 3 ml/liter (P3), 4 ml/liter (P4), 5 ml/liter (P5). The Result showed that the threatment of Nasa liquid organic fertilizer concentration had a significant effect on the parameters of, age of flower appearance, fruitset percentage, total flower number, total fruit number, total fruit weight and analyzing of sugar content. The most optimal concentration was in the threatment of 3 ml/liter (P3)

The availability of Indonesian local bananas in supermarkets is less visible, so it is necessary to make efforts to supply bananas. One of the alternative method that can be used to meet the needs of banana seedlings is through tissue culture using foliar fertilizer and coconut water as a substitute for Murashige and Skoog media. The aim of the study was to determine the optimal growth response of the banana plant on substitution media using foliar fertilizer and coconut water. This research was conducted in September - November 2022 at the Biotechnology Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture UPN "Veteran" East Java. The design used a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 2 treatment factors. The first factor is the banana plant variety, namely Kepok Kuning and Mas Kirana. The second factor of substitution media consisted of 4 levels, namely Murashige and Skoog, 1 ml/l foliar fertilizer + 100 ml/l coconut water, 3 ml/l foliar fertilizer + 100 ml/l coconut water, 5 ml/l foliar fertilizer + 100 ml/l coconut water. So that there were 8 combination treatments and repeated 3 times. The results showed that the treatment of Kepok Kuning with 5 ml/l foliar fertilizer and 3 ml/l foliar fertilizer + 100 ml/l coconut water media was able to produce the highest number of leaves, the highest number of roots, and the longest plantlet length. Meanwhile, Mas Kirana with 3 ml/l foliar fertilizer + 100 ml/l coconut water media was able to produce the largest number of leaves, the highest number of roots and the longest plantlet length.

Kefir is a dairy product fermented by some microbes such as Lactic Acid Bacteria (BAL), acetic acid-producing bacteria, and yeast. The fresh taste of kefir is sour and alcoholic, potentially combined with natural foods such as fruit. Date palm is a palm plant whose fruit has a high fiber content and sweet taste. This study aims to determine the effect of adding date juice to the process of making kefir on fiber content, ash content, and hedonic. This study was conducted experimentally using Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 concentration treatments (P1= 10%, P2= 20%, P3= 30%, and P4= 40%) and repeated 5 times. The fiber content and ash content data were analyzed using ANOVA (analysis of variants) and Duncan test, while the hedonic test data is tested with using Kruskal-Wallis test and continued with the Mann-Whitney test. The results showed that the addition of date juice to kefir making showed a marked influence on fiber content, ash content, and hedonic. The addition of date juice with a concentration of 30% is the best concentration in the manufacture of kefir with a fiber content of 3.038%, ash content of 4.36%, and organoleptic acceptable.

Kefir is one of the probiotic drinks made from fermented milk using kefir grains as a starter which contains lactic acid bacteria and yeast. This study aims to determine the effect and determine the best concentration of date juice on pH, total lactic acid bacteria, and total yeast in kefir products. The study was conducted using an experimental method using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments, namely the addition of date juice 10% (P1), 20% (P2), 30% (P3), and 40% (P4), each treatment was repeated 5 times. The research data were analyzed by Analysis of Variance and if the treatment had a real effect continued with the Duncan Multiple Region Test (DMRT) at the significance level of α = 0.05. The results showed that the addition of date juice affected the pH, total lactic acid bacteria, and total yeast of kefir products. The addition of date juice with a concentration of 30% in kefir products gave the best results with a pH value of 3.72, total lactic acid bacteria 2.94 x 107 CFU/mL, and total yeast 1.16 x 107 CFU/mL.

Fresh milk has a short shelf life, therefore processing efforts are made by heating milk, namely pasteurization. Butterfly pea flower extract contains alkaloid and flavonoid secondary metabolite compounds that are efficacious as antibacterials. This study aims to determine the effect of the addition of butterfly pea flower extract to pasteurized milk on the total number of bacteria, inhibition (Escherichia coli), and pH during low temperature storage (4-6oC). This research was conducted using an experimental method using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments (P1=5th day; P2=10th day; P3=15th day; and P4=20th day) and 5 times repetition. The data obtained were analyzed using the variance test and continued with the orthogonal polynomial test. The results showed that the storage time of pasteurized milk added with butterfly pea flower extract at low temperature (4-6oC) for 20 days showed a significantly different total bacterial count by following a cubic regression pattern in the equation y = – 0.0004x3 + 0.0169x2 – 0.1955x + 5.0374 and a significantly different pH value by following a cubic regression pattern in the equation y = – 0.001x3 + 0.0348x2 – 0.3725x + 7.456 but had no significant effect on the antibacterial inhibition of E. coli and had no relationship pattern.

Mint plants produce essential oil (peppermint oil) widely used as a raw material for the food, beverage, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Based on their needs and their beneficiaries, it is necessary to do floating raft hydroponic cultivation to maintain the quality and quantity of mint plants. The problem with this hydroponic system is the limited dissolved oxygen levels in the roots, so it is necessary to provide aeration using an aerator. The planting media factor also needs to be considered, because it plays a role in storing nutrients and as a support for plants. This research was conducted in a screen house in Rejosopinggir Village, Tembelang District, Jombang Regency, East Java from October 2022 – January 2023. This study used a Split Plot Design (RPT) in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with the main plot being aeration (A) with three treatments: without an aerator, 1 aerator and 2 aerators and subplots were planting media (M) with four treatments; rockwool, cocopeat, rice husk charcoal, and cocopeat + rice husk charcoal. The results showed that the combination of aeration with 2 aerators and rockwool planting media had the best results for the research variables and was not significantly different from the combination of 2 aerators and cocopeat + rice husk charcoal planting media, 1 aerator and rockwool planting media and 1 aerator and cocopeat + rice husk charcoal planting media.