Objectives: The assessment of breast cancer risk is a valuable tool to determine the prevalence of breast cancer in the general population. Method: This study was a cross-sectional investigation of 200 women from Al-Nasiriyah City the central region of Dhi Qar Governorate in southern Iraq. The study utilized a questionnaire consisting of inquiries pertaining to demographic information and variables that are associated with an increased likelihood of developing breast cancer. The Gail Risk Assessment Tool, available via the National Cancer Institute's website, was employed to compute the probability of developing breast cancer. Results: Nineteen cases (9.5%) involved women who reported having at least one female relative within the first degree who was diagnosed with breast cancer, while 3 cases (1.5%) The study focused on women who reported a notable risk factor for the onset of breast cancer, namely having two or more first-degree relatives who have received a diagnosis of the disease. On average, the general population exhibited a breast cancer risk of 0.982% over a period of five years. The estimated lifetime prevalence of breast cancer is 11.164%. Conclusion: The results indicate that the implementation of the Gail Model as an evaluation tool for breast cancer risk, might be helpful to medical practitioners in Iraq in evaluating the likelihood of an individual developing female breast cancer during screening and prevention initiatives.

Background: The development of COVID-19 cases today has triggered the government to issue a policy that is expected to be one of the preventive measures for COVID-19 cases, the policy is in the form of increasing enforcement of health protocols. Success in implementing health protocols is influenced by several factors. AIM: The purpose of the study is to determine factors related to community compliance in the implementation of 5M as a prevention of COVID-19 transmission. Method: This type of research uses quantitative research with a Cross Sectional design. The population in this study was the entire community in Talagasari Village with a sample number of 105 people determined using purposive sampling. Data collection is carried out by distributing questionnaires through google forms. The data analysis used is bivariate analysis with chi-square test. Results: The results showed that factors related to compliance with the implementation of health protocols were knowledge (p-value = 0.021), attitude (p-value = 0.000), motivation (p-value = 0.000). Meanwhile, community leaders have no relationship (p-value = 0.343). Conclusion:  Community compliance in implementing health protocols can be improved through increasing knowledge, changing attitudes, and increasing community motivation. It is recommended to increase health promotion to increase knowledge, attitudes, and motivation so that public compliance in implementing health protocols can increase.

Background: Women's awareness of cervical cancer screening may influence their behaviour when seeking medical care. Few studies have been done in Himachal Pradesh to find out how well women are informed about cervical cancer screening. Therefore, the present study aimed to describe the awareness about cervical cancer screening among women attending outpatient department of Civil hospital Sunni in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh. Material and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted between January 2023- March 2023 among women attending Civil hospital Sunni in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh and selected by convenience sampling technique. Data was collected through face-to-face interview using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using epi info v7 software using appropriate statistical tests. Results: Among the total of 400 women came to OPD, maximum 118(29.5%) were having age between 21-30 years, educated up to Matric & Senior Secondary 166(41.5%) Hindu 376(94.0%) and unemployed (Housewife/others) 301(75.25%). In the present study 15.5%(62) participants had very good knowledge (16-20 marks) towards cervical cancer screening, 26.25% (105) had good knowledge (12-15 marks), 34.5%(138) had fair knowledge (8-11 marks) and 23.75% (95) having poor knowledge (<8 marks). Conclusion: These findings suggest that the majority of the women who took part in our study were unaware of cervical cancer screening. As a result, suitable and significant steps should be taken to inform women about the advantages of cervical cancer screening tests.

Background: Hematologic disorders encompass a broad range of conditions that affect the blood and its components. These disorders can have significant implications for patients' overall health and well-being. The current study aims to assess the knowledge and understanding of hematologic disorders among patients attending the outpatient department of Civil Hospital, Nurpur. Material and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted between January 2023-April 2023 among patients attending civil hospital Nurpur, Himachal Pradesh and selected by convenience sampling technique. Data was collected through face-to-face interview using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using epi info v7 software using appropriate statistical tests. Results: A total of 400 respondents including 210 (52.5%) male patients and 190 (47.5%) female patients were participated in the study. Among the total, 123 (30.75%) were from urban area and 277 (69.25%) were from rural area.  In the present study 14.5% (58)  participants had very good knowledge (16-20 marks) towards Hematologic disorders, 30.25% (121) had good knowledge (12-15 marks), 34.25% (137) had fair knowledge  (8-11 marks) and 21% (84) having poor knowledge (<8 marks). Conclusion: The findings of our study concluded that there are significant gaps in understanding regarding Hematologic disorders, indicating a need for improved patient education and awareness programs. Addressing the identified knowledge gaps and misconceptions through targeted interventions can improve patient outcomes, promote early detection, and enhance adherence to treatment regimens.

Background: Autoimmune diseases are a group of complex and chronic disorders that arise from an abnormal immune response, where the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages healthy cells and tissues in the body. The objective of this study is to examine the awareness and understanding of autoimmune diseases among patients attending the outpatient department of Civil Hospital, Nurpur, Himachal Pradesh. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2023- April 2023 among patients attending civil hospital Nurpur, Himachal Pradesh and selected by convenience sampling technique. Data was collected through face-to-face interview using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using epi info v7 software using appropriate statistical tests. Results: A total of 400 respondents including 234 (58.5%) male patients and 166 (41.5%) female patients were participated in the study. Among the total, 109 (27.25%) were from urban area and 291 (72.75%) were from rural area. In the present study 14.25% (57) participants had very good knowledge (16-20 marks) towards autoimmune diseases, 31.25% (125) had good knowledge (12-15 marks), 35% (140) had fair knowledge (8-11 marks) and 19.5% (78) having poor knowledge (<8 marks). Conclusion: The study highlights the specific areas of low awareness, including the familiarity with different autoimmune diseases, knowledge of symptoms and risk factors, awareness of diagnostic methods, and understanding of treatment options. Addressing these knowledge gaps is essential for early detection, timely diagnosis, and appropriate management of autoimmune diseases.

The present paper deals with the study of a neglected tropical disease (NTD) known as “Dracunculiasis” or “Dracontiasis”. The disease is mostly found in some African countries like Chad, Mali, Ethiopia and South Sudan where even drinking water is often contaminated with water fleas containing Guinea worms. Quite popular with the name “Guinea worm disease” (GWD) is very painful giving in most of the cases permanent disability in human. The paper discusses occurrence, nature of causal organism, disease symptoms, diagnosis, complexities, prevention and the treatment modalities with the actual scenario of a patient suffering from GWD.

Background: Tinnitus is the perception of a ringing, buzzing, hissing, or roaring sound in one or both ears. In Himachal Pradesh, a very few studies have been carried out to determine how well the general public understands the Tinnitus. The present study aimed to describe the awareness about tinnitus among general public of Himachal Pradesh with regard to its causes, effects and management. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional survey of residents of the state of Himachal Pradesh was carried out between October 2022 to December 2022 utilizing a Google form. Up until 400 replies were gathered, the Google form was distributed around state citizens in both rural and urban areas for responses via online means like email and social media platforms like WhatsApp groups, Facebook, Instagram, and LinkedIn. We collected data on their socio-demographic traits and awareness about tinnitus. Epi info v7 software was used to evaluate the data using the necessary statistical tests. Results: A total of 400 respondents took part in the study, including 145 (36.25%) from urban areas and 255 (63.75%) from rural areas. Among the majority of participants, 260 (65.0%) of the participants were male, 180 (45%) were between the ages of 18 and 30, 154 (38.5%) had a graduate degree, 279 (69.75%) were in the employment, 242 (60.5%) were married, and 384 (96%) were Hindu. In the present study 12% (48) participants had very good knowledge (16-20 marks) towards Tinnitus, 18.75% (75) had good knowledge (12-15 marks), 36.75% (147) had fair knowledge (8-11 marks) and 32.5% (130) having poor knowledge (<8 marks). Conclusion: Many survey respondents still unaware about causes, effects and management of tinnitus. Hearing health promotion programmes should include information on tinnitus and its management.

Background: Early detection is a vitally important element in providing appropriate support for deaf and hearing-impaired babies that will help them enjoy equal opportunities in society alongside all other children. The present study was carried out with an aim to evaluate the duration of admission and birth weight and their association with presence of Hearing Loss in BERA among High Risk Infants admitted to NICU. Material and Methods: This was a Cross-sectional prospective study conducted during the period starting from Jun 2020 to Dec 2021 in a tertiary care teaching hospital Dr R.P.GMC Kangra at Tanda, North India on 50 High Risk Infants admitted to NICU selected through Universal sampling. These infants underwent BERA which was conducted twice; once at the time of discharge from hospital and then after a period of three months. Results: Maximum of the study participants were in the age group of 1-3 months (34%). The mean age of the study participants was observed to be 5.8±2.9 months. Majority of the study participants were females (64%), while 36% of them were males. Profound hearing loss and minimal hearing loss was observed in 14% and 6% of the infants respectively. Majority of the study infants were admitted to the NICU for duration of 10-20 days (60.0%). No significant association was observed between duration of NICU admission and presence of hearing loss (p-value-0.543). LBW and VLBW were present in 6% and 2% of the study participants, respectively. Higher proportion of infants with LBW had hearing loss as compared to those with normal birth weight. However, this difference was not statistically significant (p-value–0.072) Conclusion: The study concluded that higher proportions of infants with LBW and NICU admission for a duration of 21-30 days  were found to have hearing loss but this difference was not found to be statistically significant.

Cataracts in children are the major cause of childhood blindness. Untreated childhood cataracts impose a significant social, economic, and emotional impact on the child, family, and society. Cataract-related blindness in children can be treated able with early detection and management. The majority of instances are identified through standard screening, but others may be identified after the parents have observed leukocoria or strabismus. The aetiology of paediatric cataract is diverse, and identification of the precise aetiology improves prognosis and therapy. Pediatric cataract surgery has improved throughout the years, and as our understanding of myopia shift and axial length growth has increased, the outcomes for these patients have become more predictable. In addition to a successful surgical procedure, successful outcomes also depend on attentive postoperative care and visual rehabilitation. Parents, surgeons, anesthesiologists, paediatricians, and optometrists working together can therefore make all the difference.

Epidermoid cysts represent the most common cutaneous cysts. While these may occur anywhere on the body, they occur most frequently on the face, scalp, neck and trunk. When present in the oral cavity, these cysts are seen in decreasing frequency in the following order: floor of mouth, tongue, sublingual, and submental. We reported a case of a 30-year-old patient having Epidermoid cyst in lower lip mucosa on right side.

One of the most typical viral illnesses in children is molluscum contagiosum (MC). Even though it is typically benign and self-limiting, the danger of transmission and aesthetic problems necessitate treatment. There are numerous treatments available, including less effective topical medications and harsh invasive procedures (cryo, curettage). However, the majority of them are connected to discomfort, irritability, and scarring, which youngsters cannot endure well. Studies have shown that giving oral ranitidine to kids with MC is effective. For children with immunocompetent MC that is widespread or recurrent, oral ranitidine is regarded as a straightforward, efficient, and safe alternative treatment.

The number of COVID-19 cases, particularly those involving pregnancy, continues to be an issue in India and around the world. Fever (temperature>38°C), cough, and shortness of breath are the primary clinical signs. It can also be accompanied by weariness, myalgia, gastrointestinal issues like diarrhoea, and even freshly discovered skin condition signs. Although SARS-CoV-2 cutaneous symptoms are less frequent in expectant women, the timing, location, duration, and pattern of associated skin lesions can help determine the disease's severity. Skin symptoms may be an early indicator of such an infection, hence clinicians must be informed in order to conduct early COVID-19 screening in expectant women for the benefit of the mother and the unborn child. A wide array of dermatologic presentations associated with SARS-CoV-2 is reported in the literature. This review explores the expanding reports in the literature of the dermatologic presentations of skin lesions related to SARS-CoV-2 in pregnant women.

One of the most prevalent endocrine illnesses that affect women during their reproductive years is polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Hyperandrogenism, protracted anovulation and irregular menstrual cycles are its hallmarks. About 50% of PCOS individuals are reported to have impaired insulin receptor phosphorylation. The development of insulin resistance (IR), which may reduce female fertility by disrupting ovulation, is one of the most significant PCOS pathological features. Numerous studies have demonstrated that metformin and myoinositol are the most effective first-line treatments for restoring normal menstrual periods in PCOS-affected individuals. Several studies revealed that patients receiving both metformin and myoinositol experienced a statistically significant increase in conception rates after 24 weeks of treatment.