Today, the tourism industry is one of the largest economic sectors in the world. This sector is an "industry" characterized by strong changes, always striving to offer something new and extraordinary to the modern traveler. Developments in the field of tourism offer tourists the opportunity to travel to almost all countries and continents of the world and thus discover destinations that are still immature in terms of tourism. Traveling offers people the opportunity to break out of everyday life and to pursue the need for new contacts, to get to know a new culture or new places and perhaps to realize a piece of themselves. The tourist consumes bundles of services that are offered in a particular place or region. During the vacation planning process, the tourist compares the bundles of services offered in different spaces and finally chooses the one that meets his or her needs and desires Zarotis [30]. Countries, regions and tourist resorts are in constant competition for resident population, businesses and tourists. They are fighting for the same goal, for attractiveness and higher visitor numbers. Destinations must therefore make their promotion and marketing competitive. The destination is the destination for which the tourist decides before starting his trip. The term "destination" is based on the guest perception of a destination area or a landscape area. However, the term is not based on political boundaries such as municipal, county, administrative district or national borders. Destinations are defined by the guest's perception and needs. In this context, the destination is an independent competitive unit and competes with other tourist destinations. The main task of destination management is to support and promote cooperation between different service providers. In this way, continuous service chains are to be created and marketed across the board. In order for the respective destination to be able to develop its own strategy, destination management should take place without the influence of politics and individual businesses. Another important task of destination management is the resolution of conflicts of interest between producers and service providers of the product “destination”. Destination management should act according to the system of the triangle of sustainability. This means that a balanced relationship between ecological, economic and social factors prevails. Depending on the destination and in which cultural and economic area it is located, such as in a more or less developed country, there may occur a shift in emphasis Bieger and Beritelli [2]. Today, the leisure and recreational opportunities, but also the cultural and educational offerings of a tourist destination are important features for the image of the destination and the well-being of the resident population. The cultural offer can range from simple theater and drama stages, to larger opera houses, to large city festivals and other cultural festivals Zarotis [31]. When choosing a destination, the image of a destination therefore plays a decisive role. Nowadays, the image is significantly shaped by the events that take place on site. Successful cultural events must be carried out with a clear concept that takes into account the venue, target groups, media and infrastructure. This is reflected, for example, in the intense competition for the title of European Capital of Culture, for which high investments are necessary. The transformation of industrial sectors into islands of culture and experience is also understood throughout Europe as an important method of revitalizing a region and its economy. Entertainment therefore plays a key role in destination branding. Above all, events and festivals in the fields of art, sports and culture contribute to the creation and strengthening of destination branding. This trend has solidified in recent years with the increasing importance of image strategies and the growing role of the culture, leisure and entertainment industry within the economy, creating value for tourists and other visitors, as well as for the local population Kiel and Baeuchl [12]. With cultural events and their portfolio of activities, destinations position their products and services in a targeted way. The cultural events can be tailored to the needs of specific target markets. Cultural events are increasingly developing into marketing tools for regions that create an image and thus make a destination stand out among its competitors. It is important to assess to what extent cultural events can actually increase the brand value of a destination. Thus, all cultural events are first and foremost also festivals that have their more or less broad audience [14,17]. Particularly in today's world, where leisure activities are taking on an increasingly important role, where the leisure industry is becoming an increasingly significant mainstay of the local economy and where the provision of culture and entertainment is a major factor in the quality of life of a destination, hosting major cultural events has become a survival strategy for a destination. The sharp increase in such events in recent years shows the high demand for such leisure facilities and is testimony to the leisure society's increasing wealth of money and time Steinecke [24].

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present study is a bibliographical review study in which the critical points of the existing knowledge about a theoretical approach to the topic of „the importance and impact of cultural events on sustainable development in tourist destinations". There is no specialized and comprehensive research work in this area. This study attempts to fill this gap and may be a useful aid for those who will undertake similar efforts in the future. The main aim of the bibliographic review is to place the study within the 'body' of the topic in question. The review of the current study refers to clearly formulated questions and uses systematic and explicit criteria for the critical analysis of a published paper through summarizing, sorting, grouping and comparing.

Bibliographic Review Study

Positioning of Tourist Destinations Through Cultural Events

Both the world of work and leisure have changed a great deal since the end of the Second World War. Accordingly, leisure time today has a very different quality and meaning than it did in the post-war years of the fifties and sixties or in the prosperous times of the seventies and eighties in the last century. On the one hand, annual vacation entitlement increased steadily and on the other, weekly working hours were continuously reduced. Free time is no longer used for the regeneration of labor power but has become an investment factor. Freely available time is increasingly invested in lifelong learning, in well-being concepts, in and for the family, but also in entertainment programs. People find in leisure the experience and self-experience they are looking for [20,32]. The change from material to post-material values that is inherent in industrial societies, as well as the increasing urge to experience a form of society that currently exists and is referred to as the experience society, seems to find its satisfaction in tourism in particular. The demand of the experience society “experience your life” with simultaneous replacement of the everyday life problems and rising prosperity as well as the consistent search for experiences led in the long run into the mass phenomenon tourism. Tourism has become a basic human need and an expression of society's inherent tendency towards self-realization, which is increasingly satisfied by travel. This tourism development, which is also linked to social change, can be explained in particular by the growing prosperity of broad sections of the population in the form of rising incomes, the decrease in working hours and the increase in leisure time, respectively, as well as by the explosive increase in motorization, which has changed people's attitude to life from the static to the mobile way or from living to traveling [29,33]. In this context, we speak of the “boom factors of tourism”, which, in addition, can be described as the main drivers of tourist travel due to the increasing urbanization in industrialized nations and the accompanying desire to escape inhospitable urban living conditions, as well as the increasing individual stress. In addition, the change in travel socialization, the adoption of norms and behavioral patterns, plays a major role in tourism development. Accordingly, travel is now a social matter of course in wide circles of society. People have grown into social conditions in which the vast majority of society, in contrast to the past, takes several vacation trips a year. In summary, a rise from the working society to the multi-optional leisure and experience society can ultimately be seen within society, whose need satisfaction is expressed in an increased demand for travel, where the subjective experience that can be achieved with a trip is in the foreground and has led to the formation of a globally growing economic sector. Thus, tourism seems to be the most suitable means to satisfy the urge for experience in the experience society and to gain new experiences. The experience orientation and the increasingly lifestyle-oriented society point to a positive future for tourism. The tourism industry is a constantly growing and changing market (18,35]. Arguably one of the most important roles in the development of tourism was played by the removal of travel restrictions, such as visa requirements. The removal of border controls, for example within the EU, also made foreign travel much easier for tourists. The tourism market today is overcrowded with a wide variety of offers. This makes the decision much more difficult for those willing to travel. At the same time, it is a great challenge for a destination to present itself successfully and prominently in this oversupply, so that the customer decides to choose this one particular destination Conrady and Buck [3]. There are two basic principles in successful positioning: a) The consumer must be attracted by a clear, attractively formulated and presented offer. This is promoted when the customer is told that he can have new experiences, enjoy a pleasant atmosphere and be in informal sociability and (b) The most convincing form is the development of a unique selling proposition. This is used to clearly differentiate the company from its competitors. Unique selling points can be visitor attractions, cultural events or regional products. In summary, it serves to stand out in the market and offer customers the opportunity to experience something new and gain new experiences Sieger [22]. In this context, a destination is defined as a city or place that has one or more attractions to offer tourists. The attractions can be in the area of scenic and cultural attractions, cultural and recreational offerings, shopping opportunities, excursions, events and gastronomic offerings. With these attractions, the tourism industry can generate and increase its necessary revenues Bieger and Beritelli [2]. Visitors usually have firmly established ideas about a destination, which may come from their immediate surroundings by word of mouth or from sources such as travel catalogues, advertising or internet. Today, destinations not only experience an ever-increasing rise in importance, but also play an active role in shaping society and the economy. However, the destination only gains in importance if it can prevail against its competitors in global competition and emerge from anonymity. Its task is to stimulate new developments and innovations and to generate growth in order to stand out from the international, but also national competition and thus attract necessary external investments, jobs and tourists. This competition has intensified in recent years and accelerated the economic structural change. The classic location factors play only a minor role today, as they are available almost everywhere in the same quality and quantity Steinecke [26]. By staging cultural events, the destination therefore hopes not only for an additional investment boost and higher tourism revenues, but also for a higher image and, as a result, an increase in follow-up investments by third parties. Destinations are increasingly becoming a product whose success is determined not only by their objective quality, but also by their marketing, staging and festivalization and their image. The destination must stand out and please tourists, investors and businesses (Zarotis, [36]). The principles and tenets of the destination development plan are (a) quality of life, (b) sustainability, (c) citizen participation and harnessing the full creative potential, (d) gender mainstreaming and (e) diversity-peaceful and equal coexistence and diversity of cultures, religions and lifestyles. The structures of a destination are not the result of anonymous markets and fateful developments, but the consequence of a multitude of decisions. One of the main problems in analyzing destination policies is that they can only be realized over a very long time and therefore today's realizations are the result of decisions and strategies made several years ago. The relationship between political control and market mechanisms depends on the economic situation of the destination. Today, the most urgent problems of destination policy are not to distribute growth within the destination, but to generate growth again Roth and Schwark [19]. This can be done through various activities. For example, the destination can index and accelerate through the creation of experience zones. However, supporting and developing the tertiary sector is also an important task. In this context, in addition to production-oriented services, cultural and recreational services play a paramount role: high and pop culture and major cultural events of all kinds. Historically developed cultural events can be easily combined with local political goals of destination policy. Festivalization policy aims to link the fragmented living worlds of different urban milieus and the globally oriented actors of the business class, pop culture or politics. If the destination succeeds in producing a "brand" and spreading it worldwide through the media, this can highlight the visibility of the location in the global network of cities. The profiling of a destination or the emergence from the global network of similar destinations is nowadays only possible through the so-called soft location factors. These include many aspects of social and cultural life that determine the quality of life of a destination Getz and Page [6].

The Impact of Cultural Events in Destinations

In recent years, there has been an enormous increase in the number of cultural events, as well as major cultural events in destinations. These events range from world exhibitions to theater, music and film festivals. Cultural events also have what is known as an oasis effect in today's economy-focused global world. For large cultural events, all local and sometimes national political and economic forces are concentrated on one event, thus depriving other political tasks of resources, such as financial means and human capital. The cultural event is intended to make the special nature of the destination visible to as global an audience as possible and to strengthen citizens' identification with their own destination Lasslop [15]. Cultural events stand out from other means of communication. The live character ensures that event participants are addressed perceptibly through several sensory organs at the same time. If this multicausality is linked to predefined marketing or communication messages, these messages can be perceived and absorbed more intensively and emotionally by the visitors. Behavior and attitudes can be influenced much more strongly by this intensive perception than by the use of mass media [21,25]. Cultural events try to immerse event participants from their everyday reality into a "staged brand world". Individualization has taken on a high status among the population. Through personal encounters and personal contact with event participants, desires for self-realization, affiliation and experience orientation can be better captured and also realized. The cultural event becomes an experience for the participants if they perceive it positively and feel activated. A positive perception can be achieved through the additional benefits of the event content or positive emotions and impressions. Probably the greatest positive activation takes place in the so-called flow state. The flow state depends on the demands on the characteristics of the cultural event, e.g. excitement or challenge and the demands on the abilities of the event participant to process these characteristics. Flow is thus a high activation state that is right in the middle between boredom and overwhelming the event participant Zarotis [37]. Cultural events stand out from electronic communication because of their personal contact. Thus, information gathered there can be much better remembered, whereas communication through electronic mass media often does not reach citizens, or does not reach them fully. Moreover, in times of uncertainty, personal contact creates a sense of trust that cannot be achieved to the same extent through electronic communication. Cultural events are characterized by the fact that they create a bond between event participants through event participation and convey the feeling that one belongs to a community. This feeling is strengthened by the fact that cultural events are usually organized for special target groups and the event participants develop commonalities through their interest in the event content. The citizens are thus given a sense of community and belonging. The mentioned effects can unfold cultural events within different communication instruments Kurt and Wagner [14]. As destinations become more and more "invisible" in the leveling uniformity of agglomerations, they have to find new ways to attract the attention of international investors and companies. For example, cultural events are designed to raise the destination's international profile, attract investment and public financial subsidies to the destination and enhance the quality of life of the resident population Alonso et al. [1]. The most successful cultural events are those that end up being both politically or socially successful and economically successful. The state as well as the destination try to achieve both goals together, but political and economic success rarely meets in such cultural events. Therefore, already in the planning phase, the main objective has to be defined by the organizer and the responsible planners and organizers have to be made aware of it. In Western countries, it is primarily economic aspects that are at the forefront of the discussion. In less developed countries, attempts are usually made to build up a new and modern image by means of cultural events and to demonstrate the internationality of one's own politics or state to the local population [8, 11].

The Sustainability of Cultural Events in Destinations

Although there is generally no binding definition for the concept of sustainable development, there is nevertheless a broad consensus in the international debate that an analytical view of the phenomenon of sustainable development must go beyond the ecological aspect and that other dimensions should be included in the concept. Thus, in the scientific and political discussion, there is strong support above all for a concept known as the sustainability triangle, which includes the economic and social dimensions in addition to the ecological dimension Kleine [13]. Cultural event tourism represents one of the fastest growing sectors of tourism and, according to forecasts, will continue to grow in importance in the coming years. However, it stands to reason that with all the positive effects of cultural event tourism, there will also be significant negative impacts on the environment, culture and society. In particular, the increasing volume of travel, the growing demands on space and the environment, the increasing differentiation of leisure activities and the increasing consumption of land and resources play a decisive role in this regard, making cultural event tourism appear ambivalent and increasingly endangering the carrying capacity of ecosystems through non-adapted cultural event tourism use. From this point of view, there is a need for a sustainable design of cultural event tourism that focuses on the special, the beautiful, the valuable or the unique. However, in terms of cultural event tourism sustainable development, it must be noted that the phenomenon of cultural event tourism, with its different intensities of use, spatial concentrations and forms of expression, is a complex that must be considered individually depending on the initial situation of the destination and the form of cultural event tourism to be evaluated Weber and Taufer [28]. Thus, sustainable cultural event tourism development only has a chance if the concrete measures are region-specific, i.e., adapted and elaborated to the problems of the region. Furthermore, all participants involved in cultural event tourism should themselves be interested in implementing a sustainable cultural event tourism strategy for their region, otherwise losses are to be feared in the long term. From this point of view alone, sustainability strategies in cultural event tourism offer a classic "win-win" situation for all involved. Sustainable, cultural-event tourism development in destinations can only be achieved if ecological balance, economic security and social justice for present as well as future generations are pursued simultaneously with equal priority. Due to the multi-layered impacts of the event tourism phenomenon, a concept for sustainable event tourism development must include a multidimensional application, which includes not only the ecological but also the economic, socio-cultural and institutional dimensions [27,28]. In the successful implementation of a sustainable development strategy that focuses on all dimensions, the institutional organization at the nation-state level plays a particularly crucial role. Only with the help of a cultural event tourism policy in the context of sustainable development and its control, a successful tourism development oriented towards sustainability seems possible or realizable. However, these institutions must be aware of the complexity of cultural event tourism with all its different intensities of use, spatial concentrations and forms of expression or, at the same time, be able to view this phenomenon individually. There, they should be adapted to the respective political and natural conditions of the destination, planned, checked for the benefits for the local population, implemented and controlled in order to meet the demand for sustainable development on all levels. The holistic analysis of the issue of cultural event tourism and sustainable development in the destinations, which was carried out on all dimensions, makes it clear that a lack of individual planning and control of spatially effective forms of cultural event tourism from the institutional side usually continues in the form of negative effects on the ecological level [9,10]. In particular, in the case of a lack of a governmental control body, due to the mostly inappropriate event-tourism-related misuse or overuse of the natural space or due to the group-specific behavior of cultural event tourists, the stress limit of the respective ecosystem is exceeded and an ecologically sustainable development or the preservation of tourism is endangered in the long run. Thus, the institutional dimension has a crucial function in the implementation of ecologically sustainable development. It must be able to consider in a differentiated way the ecological effects of individual forms of cultural event tourism, the group-specific behavior of the participants at the vacation destination and the specific effects of demand in connection with the ecological stress limit of the respective natural area, in order to prevent uncontrolled event-tourism misuse or overuse in the sense of sustainable development. Often, however, it is recognized that a tension exists between tourism development and ecological protection, which has negative effects on ecology in the competition for tourism revenues. Necessary environmental protection measures are neglected in the pursuit of short-term economic gain, thus jeopardizing sustainable development. But also the lack of awareness among the responsible persons or the insufficient education of all persons involved in the tourism product often prevent an ecologically sustainable development in destinations Mundt [16]. As already mentioned, the basic prerequisite for sustainable cultural event tourism is undoubtedly an intact environment, or rather, for many destinations, it is the actual tourist attraction. Considering the requirements for the ecologically sustainable cultural event tourism, it can be stated that the limits of ecological resilience must be respected and nature must be understood as capital in order to meet the demand for a sustainable cultural event tourism development in the ecological sense. From this point of view, it is necessary to work out viable solutions for the manifold ecological interrelationships between the environment and cultural event tourism under the guiding principle of sustainable development, which require political implementation and control. The fundamental problem in implementing an ecological sustainability strategy, however, is to define the character and to determine at what level of ecological stress one can speak of overuse Weber and Taufer [28]. 

Based on the analysis, it is clear that cultural event tourism plays a significant role in the economic development of the country in many countries. Thus, it is not surprising that tourism policy goals are predominantly economic in nature and associated with the hope of achieving an improvement in the balance of payments, an increase in income, a positive employment effect and a reduction in spatial and social disparities through a demand for cultural event tourism. Accordingly, economically sustainable cultural event tourism can only be achieved if the group-specific demand adapts to the domestic resources and thus the import of goods and services from other countries can be kept low. So that positive multiplier effects on upstream economic sectors contribute to a weakening of regional disparities. It can be stated that cultural event tourism, due to its group-specific differentiated demand, can generally contribute to a positive economic development, an expansion and diversification of the tourism offer and positive income and employment effects or to a weakening of regional disparities. 
Which positive economic primary or multiplier effects cultural event tourism has on the local population, however, depends essentially on the economic policy framework of the respective country or on the respective forms of event tourism and their group-specific demand for certain consumer goods and services. In terms of sustainable development, however, it is not the gross but the net foreign exchange earnings that are decisive, which in turn depend on the foreign exchange expenditures of the destination that the country has to provide for the creation and maintenance of the tourism offer. If they benefit only a small, already wealthy class, if they are not reinvested in the country itself, if they end up in foreign bank accounts, the potential developmental effect of tourist foreign exchange earnings is wasted. Accordingly, sustainable development should exert as many multiplier effects as possible on upstream, domestic enterprises [4,6,7]. The analysis of socio-cultural impacts of cultural event tourism generally turned out to be extremely difficult, since general globalization tendencies or changes within the local population of the destination mediated by modern communication media must not be excluded from the consideration. Nevertheless, the present study succeeded in pointing out possible positive as well as negative tendencies of socio-cultural effects of cultural event tourism forms, whether they are exercised in the sense of a socio-culturally contractual manner, without destroying the cultural identity and the traditional value system of the society of the destination area. Consequently, it can be stated that a socio-cultural impact of group-specific cultural event tourism forms depends on the type or scope of the tourism form, the group-specific behavior of the cultural event tourists at the vacation destination, as well as on the prevailing level of civilization and the political, cultural and religious framework conditions of the destination area and can bring about both positive and negative effects. The institutional requirement for socio-culturally sustainable cultural event tourism must therefore be, according to the Forum for Environment & Development, to minimize the negative effects on the social structure and at the same time to strengthen the thoroughly positive modernization processes without destroying the cultural identity or the traditional value system. The summarizing findings of an analysis of different cultural events carried out on all dimensions leads to the conclusion that cultural event tourism is a complex phenomenon with different intensities of use, spatial concentrations and forms of expression, which requires an individual holistic approach in the regional context in order to meet the claim of multidimensional sustainable development. Generalizing statements regarding the sustainable development of individual cultural events cannot be made. Rather, the individual effects of individual cultural events must be analyzed on a dimensional level using the indicators system and operationalization approach used. They should be adapted to the political and natural framework conditions of the respective target area, examined with regard to the benefits for the local population and, if necessary, measures should be taken to meet the requirement of sustainable development on all dimensions, ecological balance, economic security and social justice [24, 1].

The social transformation from an industrial to an adventure and leisure society is reflected above all in the need for experience and adventure inherent in Western societies. This has led to an enormous increase in the importance of leisure activities, which has been accompanied by a simultaneous differentiation of individual leisure activities. Leisure behavior has changed significantly. Individualization styles, changes in consumer behavior, fun and experiential consumption, expanded globalization, technologies and increases in pleasure and comfort orientation are now well-known phenomena that characterize changes in people's behavior Zarotis and Tokarski [34]. Above all, the urge for experience inherent in the multi-optional leisure and experience society ensured that the linking of the two growth markets of events and tourism is becoming increasingly popular and has now risen to become an important segment of the tourism industry [5,35]. In today's globalized world, more and more destinations are facing international competition. Therefore, the competition of equal destinations makes it necessary to stand out from the growing competition through new ideas and ways, such as the organization of cultural events, thus become an instrument of today's destination policy or a future destination development. The cultural events have a great potential in the tourist destinations. They have a connecting and personal character that promotes community. Therefore, the cultural event as a part of the integrated communication of a destination has a high importance. As a relatively new means of communication, cultural events stand out due to their uniqueness and can have a lasting positive impact on the image of a destination and draw attention to the existing offers and services. In order to continue to maintain sustainability, cultural events should shape the destinations' offerings as fixed rituals or standards and a sustainable event culture should be pursued in the long term. Cultural events are a great opportunity for the municipalities, which should not do without their communicative and identity-forming effect. In conclusion, a sustainable cultural event tourism policy can only be achieved if, from an institutional point of view, ecological balance, economic security and social justice are given equal priority in the long term for both present and future generations. For a sustainable implementation and planning of cultural-event-relevant measures in the sense of institutional sustainability will only take place if all actors of tourism and leisure policy are involved and convinced of it. In addition, the implementation of the sustainability concept must not be limited to governments or state institutions, but must take place with the participation of civil society. Consequently, sustainable cultural event tourism development only has a chance if the concrete measures are adapted and elaborated in a "region-specific" way to the problems of the region. Furthermore, it is important to consider the framework conditions that differ from destination to destination.

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