A six month bridge program in community health has been introduced in India for already qualified BSc Nurses. They are to be trained in primary health care to work as mid-level health care provider and are called as Community Health officers. We tried to ascertain their baseline knowledge of and attitude towards primary health care approach in health care delivery system. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 60 Community health officer aspirants (BSc Nurses) in an accredited centre in Himachal Pradesh. Results: All participants were female, majority being in the age group of 26-30 years (65%), with rural background (80%) and job experience of less than five years (71.7%). Mean knowledge and attitude score (as calculated in the scale of 0-100%) was found to be 62.7(±11.2)% and 69.2(±9.4)% respectively. Conclusion: Both baseline knowledge and current attitude of aspirants was found to be on the positive side which has to be sustained throughout the program and thereafter.

Elder abuse is a single or repeated act or lack of appropriate action, occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust which causes harm or distress to an older person. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of vulnerability of the elderly to abuse during the COVID 19 pandemic time in district Kangra, Himachal Pradesh. A semi structured validated questionnaire was use to collect data on demographic and socio-economic variables. Additionally, Vulnerability to Abuse Screening Scale (VASS), was used to collect data on vulnerability to abuse. VASS total score of>4 was considered as an indicator of presence of abuse. In our study, the prevalence of elder abuse was found to be 13.1%. the elderly is highly susceptible to abuse and most likely to feel lonely especially when they have been socially isolated during this time of pandemic.

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycaemia (raised blood glucose) resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, is the main hormone regulating blood glucose levels, and is released in response to rising blood glucose following eating or drinking. With the rising number of new cases and many remaining undiagnosed, diabetes is indeed a public health problem of 21st century. In this study, we have tried to demonstrate the modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors as well as the complications.

A developed urban area that creates sustainable economic development and high quality of life by excelling in multiple key areas; economy, mobility, environment, people, living and government .Excelling in these key areas can be done so through strong human capital, social capital and ICT infrastructure. The smart cities is a collaboration of technology into strategic approach of sustainability. The programme will provide the city where information technology is the principal infrastructure and the basis for providing the essential services to the residents. This article is focused on the comparison of success stories of the Swedish government in stepping forwards as the pioneers of giving smart city solutions to the world and comparing with an entirely different setting.The major focus of the article is on the solid waste management of Sweden and its comparison with the settings of a developing country such as India. In India, our prime focus is on finding out solutions for making Dharamshala as a smart city because waste generation is an inevitable consequence of industrialization and urbanization. Dharamshala has ample amount of land which can be utilized for managing solid waste. MC Dharamshala is currently dumping the waste in the outskirts of the city in the sanitary landfills. The state government along with the National Green Tribunal are formulating a plan for the appropriate reuse and recycle of the municipal waste. The plan of the Swedish waste management can be adopted provided that there is a desirable community participation, inter- sectoral collaboration and the availability of sufficient funds for provision of appropriate technology. The will of the political leaders is the urgent need of the hour so that the city progresses in one direction, a direction of success.

VISION 2020: The Right to Sight (V2020) is a global program that was established in partnership in 1999 by the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness (IAPB) and the World Health Organization (WHO) with the joint goal to eliminate avoidable blindness by 2020. The reduction in the global cases of blindness and visual impairment is a significant achievement of V2020, which promotes advocacy, carries out relevant research on ophthalmology and public health, and promotes Community Eye Health (CEH) through workshops, training, and partnerships with international, regional, and local ophthalmologic societies. Though predating VISION 2020, control programs focusing upon both onchocerciasis and trachoma, are important aspects of the VISION 2020 global initiative.