Key findings:

Key findings include: the assessment of 65 commercially sold herbal teas in Iligan City containing 98 plant species, with Camellia sinensis, Rosa rubiginosa, and Jasminum sambac Linn. being the most used plants; teas claimed to address health issues like diabetes, heart disease, and mental health; emphasis on bioactive compounds like flavonoids and phenolic compounds for therapeutic effects.

What is known and what is new?

The known aspect is the therapeutic and health benefits of herbal teas. The new contribution is the assessment of commercialized herbal teas in Iligan City, identifying 65 teas with 98 plant species, and highlighting the most used plants, their bioactive compounds, and potential therapeutic functions, emphasizing the need for further research on interactions and potential toxicity.

What is the implication, and what should change now?

The implication is that while commercialized herbal teas are popular, more research is needed on the interactions and potential toxicity of their bioactive compounds. Changes needed include stricter regulations on therapeutic claims, and further investigations into the safety and efficacy of herbal tea ingredients, both individually and in combination, to ensure consumer safety.

Plants are known to have phytonutrients, which are bioactive compounds considered beneficial to human health. For many decades it remained the basis for the development of modern drugs to treat numerous forms of diseases all over the world [1]. As an efficient natural remedy for any ailment, commercialized plant-based products were developed such as tea, and became widespread when commercialized in the market. 

Tea, caffeine-free, is currently the most popular beverage worldwide after water. They are known to be reliable, dependable, simple to use, affordable, and believed to be safer than synthetic drugs. These factors helped to expand the popularity of these teas and make them a crucial nutritional component. Teas are made from different plant parts, such as leaves, herbs, fruits, blooms, roots, etc. They are known for their abundant number of antioxidants such as polyphenols, polysaccharides, and amino acids, and have become popular as a healthy beverage for lowering obesity, cancer, liver, and cardiovascular problems [2].

However, a previous study described a patient who experienced acute liver failure after drinking an herbal detox tea that was marketed as being hepatoprotective. Six components of the aforementioned tea were linked to hepatotoxicity in one or more published studies [3]. Although tea polyphenols may have health benefits for people, they can cause fat to accumulate by encouraging fat cell growth and extending fat cell sizes, which results in nutritional obesity [4]. In addition, excessive use of the laxative senna in pharmaceutical preparations causes finger clubbing. This was first described by Silk and colleagues in 1975, and the same case was again described by Rashiq and others in 1996 [5-6]. For these reasons, the level of heavy metal contamination in herbal products has raised serious concerns about their safety and quality. Thus, the study's objectives were to assess the commercialized herbal teas available in various stores, drugstores, and those advertised on radios in Iligan City, to record all plant species as ingredients present including their therapeutic claims. Data mining of reported ethnopharmacological and biochemical components and functions in the plants was also gathered to determine the possible safety and efficacy of the specified herbal teas. 

2.1 Tea Samples and Data Collection

A total of 65 tea samples (local and imported tea products) were collected in various stores, and drugstores in Iligan City were documented.  Plant species with their scientific names as an ingredient, plant parts used, and therapeutic claims of each tea product were noted. The plant’s family and scientific names were also recorded.  

2.2 Data Mining

A systematic literature review was conducted to identify and analyze research articles and publications from PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and ResearchGate databases pertinent to the medicinal plants used as an ingredient in herbal teas. In addition, a thorough literature review was conducted to identify the bioactive compounds of each medicinal plant and to assess their corresponding biological activities.

 Due to the public's increased interest in using herbal medicines, herbal teas are becoming more and more popular among consumers [12]. Of the total 64 herbal teas collected, 98 medicinal plant species were observed to be constituents either individually or mixed to treat different ailments/ diseases (Table I). These plant species belong to 47 different families namely: Actinidiaceae, Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Apiaceae, Apocynaceae, Arecaceae, Asteraceae, Bignoniaceae, Boraginaceae, Bromeliaceae, Cactaceae, Caprifoliaceae,  Caricaceae Caryophyllaceae, Costaceae, Clusiaceae, Cucurbitaceae Ericaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Ginkgoaceae,  Grossulariaceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Lythraceae, Malvaceae, Moringaceae, Myrtaceae, Nelumbonaceae, Oleaceae, Paeoniaceae, Pandanaceae, Passifloraceae, Phyllantaceae,  Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Punicaceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae, Solanaceae, Theaceae, Urticaceae, Vitaceae, Viticaceae and Zingiberaceae.  

Table 1. Commercialized Herbal Tea Plants Sold in Iligan City

Species within the Lamiaceae, Rosaceae, and Asteraceae plant families have been scientifically validated for their positive impact on human health (Table 2). Notably, the Lamiaceae family, commonly known as the mint family, boosts a considerable number of medicinal species. Ethnobotanical to pharmacological studies reveal that some of these species have a longstanding history in folk medicine, with approximately 80% of the family's species being utilized for medicinal purposes. Plants within the Lamiaceae family are recognized for their abundance of polyphenolic components and terpenoids, contributing to their effectiveness in addressing digestive system issues, particularly flatulence and dyspepsia. Additionally, they are employed as constituents and treatments for infections [7]. The Rosaceae family, exemplified as a group of flowering plants, represents a promising reservoir of natural antioxidants. The utilization of total phenolics and flavonoids derived from these plants has been explored for the treatment of various diseases and ailments [8]. Similarly, the Asteraceae family, one of the largest groups of flowering plants, has been part of our diet and used for healing for a long time. The beneficial effects of these plants come from their natural compounds, like alkaloids, which are commonly used in medicine. Studies show that this plant family is rich in chlorogenic acids, which act as antioxidants and help prevent diseases [9].

C. sinensis, C. limon, and J. sambac Linn are highly favored medicinal plants commonly used as ingredients in teas due to their several health benefits. In particular, Twinings of London herbal teas, featuring C. sinensis, claim to support heart health, lower the risk of certain cancers, and help prevent mental decline. This valuable plant which is known as the “tea plant” was studied in numerous laboratory research indicating that the bioactive compounds present in this plant have various physiological benefits against cardiovascular diseases, cancer progression, inflammatory response, and lower the risk of mental decline. It was reported that the anti-cancer effects of C. sinensis were due to its polyphenols (except ()-epicatechin) that exhibit the property of cell growth inhibition, and flavonoids that may be involved in the induction of apoptosis [10-11]. Reports suggested that consuming this tea decreased the 50% risk of gastric cancer in the Chinese population, and similarly, black tea exhibited strong protective actions against gastric cancer in the Indian population [12-13]. Another study confirmed that the consumption of green tea decreased the risk of colorectal cancer which was done by catechins that inhibit the activity of cancer-inducing nitrosamine compounds and heterocyclic amines [14]. The application of catechin nanohybrids in WM266 human melanoma significantly increased the rate of apoptosis of tumor cells [15]. Furthermore, several studies have been conducted on the tea polyphenols, flavan-3-ol, which were associated with antioxidant functions [16].  Also, studies suggest that green tea is the richest source of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) which has reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging properties, and theaflavins which are more effective than epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) which has a strong free radical activity. These bioactive compounds present in teas might be the basis for the herbal teas' therapeutic claims that they can lower the risk of heart disease. Moreover, tea consists of a particular amino acid, L-theanine which has a significant role in the central nervous system that alters the synthesis of dopamine and serotonin in the brain, which helps in improving cognitive functions and reduces stress, mood, anxiety, and depression [17-18].

Table 2. Plants Used in Herbal Teas

C. limon, commonly known as Lemon, is a key ingredient in various teas, including The Good Harvest Dried Fruit and Tea Infusion, Craftea Nutty Blueberry Balm, and Twinings of London teas. These teas claim medicinal benefits, asserting they have antioxidant properties to prevent heart diseases like heart attacks or strokes, are rich in Vitamin C, and can enhance collagen production. Lemon is recognized for its bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, and vitamins. The antioxidant effect, attributed to flavonoids like hesperidin and hesperetin, can combat free radicals [254]. Moreover, Vitamin C in Lemon protects DNA from mutations and inhibits free radical production. Research indicates that dermocosmetics containing Vitamin C from C. limon contribute to increased collagen production when applied externally, promoting smoother and tighter skin. When combined with Vitamin E, it acts synergistically as an antioxidant, reducing fine wrinkles and slowing down the aging process [255]. The scientific studies conducted on this medicinal plant, Lemon, likely play a crucial role in determining the effectiveness of the teas mentioned above.

The plant species J. sambac Linn is a prominent ingredient in Craftea Nutty Brainy and Savvy herbal tea, with claims to alleviate headache and migraine symptoms. A research study has verified that the ethanolic extract of J. sambac Linn leaves possesses antinociceptive activity. This pain-relieving effect is attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds in the plant, including alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, and glycosides [256]. Consequently, the inclusion of this plant enhances the effectiveness of the mentioned tea in addressing pain-related issues.

A mixture of various medicinal plant species is evident in herbal teas, such as the Rita Ritz Pito-Pito Dried Herbal Tea. This mixture includes Lagerstroemia speciosa, Psidium guajava, Mangifera indica, Pandanus amaryllifolius, Centella asiatica, Pimpinella anisum, and Premna odorata. The tea is claimed to offer a range of health benefits, including lowering blood sugar, promoting healthy gums, alleviating symptoms of loose bowels, exhibiting antibacterial properties, acting as a pain reliever, aiding in wound healing, muscle relaxation, providing gastric protection, supporting the digestive system, and even contributing to the treatment of tuberculosis. The medicinal plant C. asiatica is noted for its antidiabetic activity attributed to asiaticoside, which facilitates increased insulin levels and enhances the secretion of healthy pancreatic β-cells. Additionally, it demonstrates significant wound healing activity in both normal and delayed healing models, with asiaticoside being the primary active constituent [257]. P. anisum, containing a high level of trans-anethole, exhibits wound contraction and proven wound-healing activity [258]. This plant also provides gastric protection through its anti-ulcer activity, linked to chemical constituents like α-Zingiberene, Ar-curcumene, β-Bisabolene, β-Pinene, etc. [259]. Furthermore, L. speciosa showcases antibacterial activity primarily due to the presence of bioactive compounds such as proteins, amino acids, glycosides, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, phytosterols, flavonoids, etc. [260]. The chemical compounds identified in these medicinal plants substantiate the claims associated with the tea's health benefits.

Leaves, commonly used in teas, are recognized for their richness in active compounds such as alkaloids, tannins, coumarins, flavonoids, essential oils, and inulins. These compounds, crucial in many herbal remedies, are produced and stored through photosynthesis in leaves [261]. Compared to other plant parts, leaves have the highest concentration of secondary metabolites, contributing to antibacterial, antioxidant, antibiotic, and antidiabetic properties [262-263]. Moreover, leaves are the most abundant and easily collectible plant parts, facilitating plant conservation. Utilizing diverse leaf extracts ensures better preparation of active components for medications [264].

The current investigation highlights that the predominant biological activity identified in medicinal plants is antioxidant activity. A study showed that plants naturally have antioxidants, both enzymatic (e.g., proteins) and non-enzymatic (e.g., flavonoids and polyphenols) antioxidants. These antioxidants act as a defense system, helping plants deal with different types of stress and keeping them healthy [265]. As an example, medicinal plants like C. limon, Prunus persica, and P. anisum were extensively studied and demonstrated a robust correlation with antioxidant activity. A previous study reveals that phytochemical screening from the fruit of C. limon exhibits antioxidant activity due to its bioactive compounds, such as catechin, rutin, tannic, gallic, and vanillic acids that were detected in the peel, whereas in pulp quercetin, tannic and gallic acids were found [266]. Also, different solvent extraction of this medicinal plant shows great source of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and Vitamin C. Bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, fibers, and pectins give a strong correlation to its antioxidant properties [267]. This plant is a key ingredient in various popular tea brands like Twinings of London, The Good Harvest, Craftea Nutty, and Ahmad Tea. These teas claim to enhance the immune system, stimulate collagen production, and reduce blood pressure. The antioxidants, particularly Vitamin C, present in the plant, are believed to contribute to lowering oxidative stress, thereby lowering blood pressure and providing protection against damage caused by free radicals [268]. Clinical studies on Vitamin C have affirmed its positive effects on the skin, emphasizing its role in collagen formation [269-270]. Therefore, the medicinal claims associated with these teas find support in multiple research studies.

P. persica is a rich source of bioactive compounds particularly phenols such as gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid), protocathechuic acid, protocatechualdehyde, chlorogenic acid, p-Coumaric acid, and ferulic acid which contributes to its antioxidant activity [271]. This medicinal plant, known for its diverse health benefits, is a key ingredient in various teas, including Ahmad Tea Beauty, Flower Tea, and Herbal Slimming Tea. The teas claim to support internal cleansing, boost thermogenic activity (heat production), aid in weight loss, act as a gentle laxative for eliminating excess fats and toxins, address skin issues, and promote better sleep. Some of these claims are supported by scientific research. For instance, a study confirms that gallic acid extracted from P. persica has free radical scavenging activity, contributing to various biological activities like reducing cholesterol levels and providing a protective effect on the skin [272]. It's important to note that some claims may be attributed to the combined medicinal properties of multiple plants in the tea mixture.

Previous study reveals that P. anisum has main phenolic compounds that are responsible for its antioxidant potential such as naringin, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, gallic acid, and rosmarinic acid [273]. It was reported that naringin was the main phenolic compound of ethyl acetate aniseed extract that is known as a strong antioxidant and scavenger of free radicals [274-275]. This medicinal plant is an ingredient in RITA RITZ Pito-Pito Dried Herbal tea, combined with other medicinal plants. The tea is renowned for its diverse benefits, claiming to lower blood sugar, promote healthy gums, relieve pain, aid wound healing, relax muscles, provide gastric protection, support the digestive system, and even contribute to tuberculosis treatment. Scientific studies confirm the antioxidant potential of naringin, a bioactive compound, suggesting a significant hypoglycemic (blood sugar-lowering) effect [276-277]. This scientific basis supports the tea's claim of lowering blood sugar. A previous study highlights naringin's therapeutic benefits in addressing conditions such as gastric ulcer and lung cancer by modulating protein expressions.

Aside from antioxidant properties, some medicinal plant species exhibit anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. An earlier investigation focused on the extraction of Malva species (Malva sylvestris L.), revealing that malvidin 3‐glucoside is the primary bioactive compound responsible for its anti-inflammatory effect. Subsequent research identified rutin, a common flavonoid in this plant, as another potential phytochemical ingredient for treating chronic inflammation or serving as a promising functional food [278]. Recent studies have uncovered that the same Malva species includes 8-hydroxy-flavonoid sulphates and flavonoid glycosides, displaying bioactivity suitable for treating inflammatory diseases [279]. Moreover, another species within the Malva genus, Malva parviflora, has been identified to possess two compounds, oleanolic acid and scopoletin, which are responsible for its anti-inflammatory effect [280]. While these results may not directly validate the medicinal claim of the tea (PURETEA 14 Day Skinny Tea) regarding weight loss, various studies have explored the connection between anti-inflammatory effects and weight loss. It is mentioned that weight loss plays a crucial role in reducing inflammation, leading to a decrease in inflammation markers in the white adipose tissue of obese subjects [281]. In addition, P. amaryllifolius also exhibits antimicrobial properties. The extraction from the leaves of this medicinal plant contains bioactive compounds, including pandamarilactonine-A, B, C, piperidine (1 and 2), pyrrolidine (3 and 4), norpandamarilactonine-A, -B, pandamarilactone-1, pandamarine, and pandanamine, which belong to the alkaloid category. These alkaloids exhibit antibacterial properties [282], [283]. Additionally, the leaves of this plant release various secondary metabolites such as quercetin, carotenoids, tocopherols, tocotrienols, and essential oils, showcasing antitubercular activities against M. tuberculosis [284]. Pandanin, found in this plant, also demonstrates antiviral activities against human viruses, including herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and influenza virus (H1N1) [285]. The significant phenolic content is suggested to be a major contributor to its antimicrobial activities against oral bacteria [286]. Several claims of RITA RITZ Pito-Pito Dried Herbal tea, such as its ability to lower blood sugar, promote healthy gums, provide pain relief, aid in wound healing, muscle relaxation, gastric protection, support the digestive system, and cure tuberculosis, were validated through the pharmacological activity of the medicinal plants within the tea. This pharmacological activity plays a crucial role in the effectiveness of the tea.

The 98 medicinal plants revealed that phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and alkaloids are the predominant bioactive constituents found in these plants. Flavonoids possess several medicinal benefits, including anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties [287] and flavonoids rutin, quercetin, narigenin, hesperitin, kaempferol, anthoxanthins, and isoflavonoids are examples. In addition, phenolic compounds are vital in defense responses, such as anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects [288]. Common phenolic compounds are gallic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, ellagic acid, and rosmarinic acid. They are found abundantly in plant food and beverages, which play vital parts in pabulum and healthcare. Alkaloids have been widely studied owing to their beneficial biological properties, [289] antimalarial, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activity. Different alkaloids include piperidine, purine, and isoquinoline.

These bioactive compounds that were discovered in the 98 medicinal plants vary in their chemical structures and biological activities, however, they are both beneficial to human health and have numerous potential medical applications. For instance, flavonoids and phenolic compounds are used as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory drugs, anticancer drugs, and even have potential for managing type 2 diabetes [290-291]. Alkaloids are known to have muscle relaxant properties, antibacterial, antifungal, antitubercular, antidiabetic and anticancer [292].

The efficacy and safety of herbal teas are crucial, especially for consumers who rely on their medicinal benefits that could treat their illnesses. Although some therapeutic claims of these commercialized herbal teas were validated by some laboratory-based investigations, there are still several plant species contained in herbal teas that are less investigated and provide less information about their purported activities. Additionally, limited studies were conducted about the toxicity of each plant to human health. Herbal teas have been made from a wide variety of plants, either separately or in combination, but research into how those plants interact biochemically is still lacking. 

Given the diverse composition of various plants present in herbal teas, thorough laboratory investigations are essential to explore the biochemical reactions linked to the bioactive compounds in each plant, particularly those sharing similar medicinal properties/functions. This research is essential for assessing the efficacy of herbal teas and holds the potential for establishing a pharmacological foundation for future medical development. This study also recommends additional research on the biochemical analysis of each medicinal plant's natural compounds, particularly to determine any potential toxicity or adverse reactions that can help more in revealing the underlying structure and relationships between medicinal plants and medicinal properties.

Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank to Department of Science and Technology- Accelerated Science and Technology Human Resource Development Program (DOST- ASTHRDP) for financial support by granting a scholarship and the Department of Biological Sciences, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology for their support and the Center of Integrative Health, Premier Research Institute of Science and Mathematics (PRISM) for the use of the facilities.

Funding: No funding sources.

Conflict of interest: None declared.

Ethical approval: The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology.

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